@article{121,
  author = {S. Fueglistaler},
  title = {Observational Evidence for Two Modes of Coupling Between Sea Surface Temperatures, Tropospheric Temperature Profile, and Shortwave Cloud Radiative Effect in the Tropics},
  abstract = {Tropical average shortwave cloud radiative effect (SWCRE) anomalies observed by CERES/EBAF v4 are explained by observed average sea surface temperature ((Formula presented.)) and the difference between the warmest 30\% where deep convection occurs and (Formula presented.)). Observed tropospheric temperatures show variations in boundary layer capping strength over time consistent with the evolution of SST$\#$. The CERES/EBAF v4 data confirm that associated cloud fraction changes over the colder waters dominate SWCRE. This observational evidence for the {\textquotedblleft}pattern effect{\textquotedblright} noted in General Circulation Model simulations suggests that SST$\#$ captures much of this effect. The observed sensitivities (dSWCRE/d (Formula presented.) W{\textperiodcentered}m-2{\textperiodcentered}K-1, dSWCRE/dSST$\#$≈-4.8W{\textperiodcentered}m-2{\textperiodcentered}K-1) largely reflect El Ni{\~n}o{\textendash}Southern Oscillation. As El Ni{\~n}o develops, (Formula presented.) increases and SST$\#$ decreases (both increasing SWCRE). Only after the El Ni{\~n}o peak, SST$\#$ increases and SWCRE decreases. SST$\#$ is also relevant for the tropical temperature trend profile controversy and the discrepancy between observed and modeled equatorial Pacific SST trends. Causality and implications for future climates are discussed. {\textcopyright}2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  volume = {46},
  number = {16},
  pages = {9890-9898},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071223832\&doi=10.1029\%2f2019GL083990\&partnerID=40\&md5=a578593c32a4651ab6ef5a4e8dda84f0},
  doi = {10.1029/2019GL083990},
  note = {cited By 21},
}